Sustainable development.

W hen scientists and public policy specialists gathered at the Earth Institute at Columbia University, New York, to assess the State of the Planet in 2004 (www.earth.columbia.edu/sop2004), their overriding concern centered on global-scale interactions between the growing human population and Earth processes under increasing strain. The fourfold increase of the human population during the past century, coupled with a roughly 4.5-fold increase of economic activity per person, has led to adverse anthropogenic effects on species extinction, ecosystem functions and biodiversity, climate change, groundwater depletion, soil nutrient losses, and zoonotic disease emergence and transmission, with far too little societal effort invested in mitigating these consequences. The world's poorest people suffer the most because of their narrow margin of survival, lack of access to technologies, vulnerability to natural hazards, and fragility of the ecosystems in which they are concentrated. These pressures will intensify in the coming decades—the critical period that Harvard University biologist E. O. Wilson has termed " the bottleneck. " By the year 2100, we might plausibly have a stabilized or gradually declining global population equipped with new technological systems that are compatible with long-term environmental stewardship. But will we pass through the bottleneck safely? The conferees underscored the precariousness of the complex social processes linking scientific advance, technological development and adoption, geopolitics, and economics, which will have to function effectively for our safe passage through the bottleneck. Global society is caught between competing visions of the future: one of fear and one of hope. Both acknowledge a world under stress but draw wholly different conclusions. The vision of fear holds that globalization, rising populations , resource depletion, and environmental stress auger an intensified struggle over scarce resources and across clashing cultures, a world increasingly divided between " us " and " them. " The United States, alas, seems to be betting that way, allocating an astounding $450 billion per year to the military, which is half of the world's total military spending. The State of the Planet conference offered a very different perspective. The scientists attending showed that science and technology offer a suite of options for combining economic well-being and environmental sustainability. Carbon from fossil fuels can be captured and stored, food productivity can be bolstered through improved soil management and agrobiotechnology, water can be made safe for drinking and produced in sufficient quantity for agriculture, millions of lives per year can be saved through existing highly effective …